Ground Training Lesson 2
2.0 Hours Ground
by Philip Greenspun and Kasim Te; revised July 2008
Developed for students at East Coast Aero Club which operated under FAR Part 141 from July 2008 through July 2010.
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Objective
The student will review rotary wing aerodynamics to gain a better
understanding of the principles of helicopter flight.
Elements
- The four forces
- Lift/drag ratios
- Stability
- Load factors
- Airfoils
- Symmetrical vs. asymmetrical
- Leading edge
- Trailing edge
- Chord line
- Relative wind
- Angle of attack
- Bernoulli's principle
- Factors affecting lift and drag
- Lift formula
- Surface area
- Angle of attack
- Velocity of airflow
- Air density
- Blade stall
- Blade twist (by design and in flight)
- Coning (effect on rotor disc area)
- Coriolis effect; lead/lag hinges
- Translational lift and ETL
- Transverse flow effect
- Low RPM rotor stall
- Autorotation: lift, drag, rotor speed
- Stall region
- Driving region
- Driven region
- Torque and translating tendency
- Newton's third law of motion
- Tail rotor thrust
- Controlling torque
- Gyroscopic precession
- Dissymmetry of lift
- Wing tip vortices
Completion Standards
At the completion of this lesson, the student displays, through
oral examination, a commercial pilot level of understanding of all of
the material presented.
Study Assignments
- Rotorcraft Flying Handbook -- Chapters 2-3
Instructor's Evaluation and Recommendations:
Ground Training Record, Lesson 2
Any deviations from the completion standards should be noted in the previous section.
After completing an item in the Elements section, place a check mark next to that item.
- Student Name:
- Instructor Name/CFI#/expiration:
- Instructor Endorsement:
- Date of Lesson: